// field manual · 12 problems · 15 standards · ready field manual · ready

ERCs are interfaces. LSPs are the system.

ERC-20, ERC-721, and ERC-1155 won by underspecifying. Every team since has paid the integration tax — approval phishing, NFTs stranded in vaults, tokenURI servers offline, EOAs you can't recover, ERC-4337 stacks bolted on to fake what an account should be. This is the reference for the standards that were designed instead of layered.

the pattern, in one example

The approval problem, solved.

A signature comparison. The line is the ERC surface you inherit. The + line is the LSP design you can build around.

ERC-20 approve(spender, amount)
unbounded phishable split-intent
LSP·7 authorizeOperator(op, amount, data)
scoped revocable LSP6 account permissions

Read the full page → erc20 approval risks